If I do X, then Y will happen. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. Participants have similar issues. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. First, extinction is when something that we do, say, think/feel has not been reinforced for some time. No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. It exists in the nucleus of each cell, packaged in threadlike structures known as chromosomes, for which we have 23 pairs or 46 total. The principle of multifinality emphasizes that: a. stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality. You're likely receiving a message that encourages you to question your own interpretations and the accuracy of those interpretations. b. exposure therapy. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. 47. How so? Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? a. For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. d. classical conditioning. b. family therapy. 120. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. OCD has an earlier age of onset in girls than boys, with most people being diagnosed by age 19. In the case of borderline personality disorder, many people report experiencing traumatic life events such as abandonment, abuse, unstable relationships or hostility, and adversity during childhood. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. a. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do, say, or think/feel) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? c. superego. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. How so? 109. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. a. That is the idea, at least. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. We started at resting potential in Step 1 and end at resting potential in Step 6. b. dendrites. d. create an ideal set of genes. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. 2.2.3.2. The sociocultural model asserts that race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation all play a role in the development and treatment of mental illness. d. existential. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. Conditioning is when learning occurs. In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. Finally, does uncertainty always lead to a negative end? 2.3.3.2. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. Depression occurs with greater frequency in women than men. Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannahs depression results in large part from: The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. 20. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. 46. This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. b. laissez-faire parenting style. Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. d. flight of ideas. c. poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. Cognitive therapies. b. overgeneralization. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? 2.2.2.1. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. A cognitive-behavioral therapist would MOST likely recommend: Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. c. cognitive-behavioral Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. Though not neurons, glial cells play an important part in helping the nervous system to be the efficient machine that it is. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. Watson and Skinner defined behavior as what we do or say, but later behaviorists added what we think or feel. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. The pituitary gland is the master gland which regulates other endocrine glands. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. They then realize their worth as a person but also that they are not perfect. d. behavioral. Simply, she placed the child in one end of a room and then brought in the rabbit. New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. So I kept doing it and doing it until one day, another kid grew tired of hearing about my other identity and punched me in the face. Communication in the nervous system. c. psychodynamic. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? 56. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. Second, we must remember what a model does to imitate it. c. unconditional positive regard. 1. 106. 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. What, according to Freud, fuels the id? a. Existential therapy is very new, and there hasnt yet been enough time to conduct thorough research. c. the id, ego, and superego. Infants tend to do things that feel good. 39. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. c. Its use is controversial because it requires surgical implantation of electrodes. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. The important thing to understand is that not all behaviors occur due to reinforcement and punishment as operant conditioning says. Which would be a part of your paradigm? 147. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. As time goes on, the client starts to ask the therapist's permission for everything, instead of just making the decisions on her own. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. In the case of respondent conditioning, stimuli exert complete and automatic control over some behaviors. Figure 2.2. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? A story will illustrate the latter. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. a. guidelines. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. Consider where students sit in a class. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. With which type of schedule would you expect a person to stop responding to immediately if reinforcement is not there? Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. According to cognition-focused therapists, all of the following can be sources of abnormal thinking EXCEPT: a. illogical thinking. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. a. cognitive therapy b. biological therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. behavior therapy. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. c. feminist therapy. 21. In terms of the latter, some symbols are linked to the person specifically, while others are common to all people. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? c. deep brain stimulation. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. Figure 2.8. Examine the evidence both for and against your thought. The neuron. d. disengaged. c. paradigms. c. depression. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. 72. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. Communication in the Nervous System. Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. b. family structure and communication. The cognitive model made up for an apparent deficit in the behavioral model overlooking the role cognitive processes play in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. As you might expect, if reinforcement occurs after extinction has started, the behavior will re-emerge. This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. This might even affect how you interact with them. 89. To begin, an applied behavior analyst identifies a target behavior, or behavior to be changed, defines it, works with the client to develop goals, conducts a functional assessment to understand what the undesirable behavior is, what causes it, and what maintains it. According to the psychodynamic model, current behavior is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: a. past experiences. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). A friend recommends this therapy. The cognitive model focuses on schemas, cognitive errors, attributions, and maladaptive cognitions and offers strategies such as CBT, cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." a. Dysfunction b. Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. There is no need to learn it again, as in the case of primary reinforcers and punishers in operant conditioning. d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. None of the models are complete within themselves. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. 37. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? 35. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. So what do we do with this information? Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: a. schizophrenia. An example was the attention I received for saying I was Chicken Little. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. This scenario demonstrates trial and error learning or making a response repeatedly if it leads to success. d. fixation. This is a physical aspect of what disease? The major multidimensional model that is useful in understanding the causes of mental disorders is usually called the biopsychosocial model (BPS). There are two main ways they can present themselves. Figure 2.9. 36. 22. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. c. enmeshed. Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. a. Neurotransmitters are released. Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. 2.2.3.1. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. d. bipolar disorder. 41. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. Despite Freuds generalization, his theory was based on only a few patients. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. Those who sit in the back of the room are underachievers who dont care. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. c. ineffective treatment options. According to your reading on abnormal psychology, which term is defined as "the inability to perform in one or more important areas of functioning" and is a consideration in identifying the presence of a mental disorder? She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. There are times when we learn by simply watching others. 2.2.1.1. 121. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. c. psychoanalysts. In the classroom, we might use modeling to demonstrate to a student how to do a math problem. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. Im here for you. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. c. Beck. Psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs. The neural impulse proceeds across the following steps: Lets look at the electrical portion of the process in another way and add some detail. I bet the bad behavior ended too. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. They were more likely to have suspect genetic variation at the same four chromosomal sites. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. Consider your parents for a minute. Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. In her dream, she panics and looks for her dog everywhere. His name is 111. The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. 148. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: a. the biological differences between men and women. In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members. b.

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