Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. The heart rate slows . Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). When we do this, we often experience jet lag. Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormonemelatonin. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. Not able to pass stool or gas. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? Feeling tired. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. Upset stomach and vomiting. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. Mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists, and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. Loss of appetite. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. Heroin can be snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). How does hypnosis work? Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. Common definitions of health include: a. optimal weight and endurance. As you have learned, drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. Complications. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice.

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