Manichaean churches and scriptures existed as far east as China and as far west as the Roman Empire. [91] Comparable, in the Uighur confession, four prayers are directed to the supreme God (Äzrua), the God of the Sun and the Moon, and fivefold God and the buddhas. [91], Every prayer started with an ablution with water or, if water is not available, with other substances comparable to Ablution in Islam[92] and consisted of several blessings to the apostales and spirits. In 1370, the religion was banned through an edict of the Ming dynasty, whose Hongwu Emperor had a personal dislike for the religion. The seventh, the Shabuhragan,[20] was written by Mani in Middle Persian and presented by him to the Sasanian emperor, Shapur I. The worship of the Indo-Persian god Mithra dates back centuries to millennia preceding the common era. According to biographies preserved by Ibn al-Nadim and the Persian polymath al-Biruni, he received a revelation as a youth from a spirit, whom he would later call his Twin (Aramaic: תאומא‎ tɑʔwmɑ, from which is also derived the name of the Thomas the Apostle, the "twin"), his Syzygos (Koinē Greek: σύζυγος "spouse, partner", in the Cologne Mani-Codex), his Double, his Protective Angel or Divine Self. [citation needed], In Egypt, a small codex was found and became known through antique dealers in Cairo. Sometime in the past, the god Mithras became separated into the aspects of Verethragna, who embodied his aspect as a war god, and Mithras, god of light and order.

[72] They included the Cathar churches of Western Europe. In 381, Christians requested Theodosius I to strip Manichaeans of their civil rights. This is not necessarily so, however, because Cyrus the Great’s inscriptions referencing Ahura Mazda could as easily be taken as referring to the king of the gods of the old religion as the one god of the new. When the Original Man comes to, he is trapped among the forces of darkness. [99] A translation of a collection of these produced the Manichaean Chinese Hymnscroll (Chinese: 摩尼教下部讚; pinyin: Móní-jiào Xiàbù Zàn, which Lieu translates as "Hymns for the Lower Section [i.e. In every language and region that Manichaeism spread to, these same deities reappear, whether it is in the original Syriac quoted by Theodore bar Konai,[36] or the Latin terminology given by Saint Augustine from Mani's Epistola Fundamenti, or the Persian and Chinese translations found as Manichaeism spread eastward. He settled in Egypt, where he became acquainted with "the wisdom of the Egyptians", and invented the religious system that was afterwards known as Manichaeism. [44] These influences of Manichaeism in Augustine's Christian thinking may well have been part of the conflict between Augustine and Pelagius, a British monk whose theology, being less influenced by the Latin Church, was non-dualistic, and one that saw the created order, and mankind in particular, as having a Divine core, rather than a 'darkness' at its core.
He has taught history, writing, literature, and philosophy at the college level. An apologia for Manichaeism ascribed to ibn al-Muqaffa' defended its phantasmagorical cosmogony and attacked the fideism of Islam and other monotheistic religions. Two of its scientists, Henrichs and Koenen, produced the first edition known since as the Cologne Mani-Codex, which was published in four articles in the Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J.
https://www.ancient.eu/Mithra/.

Calcutta: Ramakrishna Vedanta Math, 1984. In developing this analysis, it should be kept in mind that elements from Roman, Armenian and Persian Mithraism are utilized, not as a whole ideology but as separate items that may have affected the creation of Christianity, whether directly through the mechanism of Mithraism or through another Pagan source within the Roman Empire and beyond.

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