They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. West Yorkshire, Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. 214 High Street, Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. Those who refused this were sent to prison. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. Dedicated to. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. - death of henry II. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. Write a paragraph or two. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. Boston House, The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. migration? Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. Company Reg no: 04489574. In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. Boston House, If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. By instinct, Elizabeth was a These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. LS23 6AD 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. Continue with Recommended Cookies. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. - send 2000 to rebels. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. Spain and France were the major European powers. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. he could also overthrow her. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Doodle's Point of View Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Mary Queen of Scots was married to . In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. Most people in . Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). First English colony in Virginia established. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! LS23 6AD Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. It had to deal with Irish . For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. Foreign Affairs. Oct 12, 2019 83 Dislike Podpast 106 subscribers Recap and review of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. LS23 6AD They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . 214 High Street, James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. Norfolk was killed in 1572. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. Europe. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. Boston Spa, Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. to answer the Section Focus Question: However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it.

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