Sept. 18, 2021 (Oct. 19, 2021) https://outsider.com/outdoors/grand-teton-national-park-had-three-people-go-missing-this-summer-latest-being-gabby-petito/, National Parks Service. Find out, either in advance of your arrival or at the Visitor Center, whether wading or swimming is allowed or prohibited and if lifeguards are on duty. Data are sourced from the road traffic or police authorities in each jurisdiction. All Rights Reserved. But our nearby parks are hardly a blip compared to the most . Sadly, on Sept. 19, Petito's remains were found in Bridger-Teton National Forest in Wyoming. DEATH VALLEY NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA - AUGUST 17: Visitors walk near a sign warning of extreme [+] heat danger on August 17, 2020 in Death Valley National Park, California. Indeed, the very ruggedness that makes nature so appealing also makes it unpredictable and sometimes dangerous; this year alone, there have been multiple reports of people falling to their death, drowning, getting attacked by wildlife and even being crushed by falling rocks. Theyre never been found. California's Yosemite National Park had a whopping 126 deaths between 2010 and 2020, and most of those were climbing accidents. A day after he disappeared, a couple hiking about 6 miles (9.6 kilometers) away from Beilhartz's campsite reported seeing a boy who looked like Alfred sitting in an area called The Devil's Nest [source: Garrison]. In the United States National Park System alone there are more than 84 million acres (35 million hectares) of preserved woods, deserts, mountains and other wilderness, so it's no surprise that in the past 100 years there have been a number of cases of hikers going missing. Lake Ann, Corteo Peak and Black Peak from Lake Ann - Maple Pass - Heather Pass Loop Trail, [+] Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Cascade Mountains, Washington. But these animals are wild, and on rare occasion, they do attack. Discovery Company. Bessie would have been the first woman ever to do so successfully [source: Japenga]. He fell approximately 1,200 feet, where he was eventually rescued by a helicopter. Percorso USA National Parks - Yosemite-Death Valley - Day 2 di Auto in Mammoth Lakes, California (United States). Emerson's dog was adopted by her parents. The Women Of Roblox Are On A Mission To Make Gaming A Force For Good, ChatGPT: Thinking Outside The Content Marketing Box, How Latina Entrepreneur Corina Burton Once Failed, Then Launched A Multi-Million Business, Child Sexual Abuse Survivors Pen Their Own Justice, Women Have Found A Powerful Way To Form Authentic Connections In Business - Mentoring Walks, Sephora, A New CCO And A Celebration Of Latinx Roots: Babba Rivera Is Building A Haircare Empire With Ceremonia, 5 Ways To Bounce Back After Getting Laid Off, Greenlight For Work Tackles Top Source Of Stress For Working Parents, North CascadesNationalPark - Washington (652.35 deaths per 10 million visitors), Upper Delaware Scenic & Recreational River - Delaware (68.52), Big Thicket National Preserve - Texas (66.92), Little River Canyon National Preserve - Alabama (53.13), New River Forge National River - West Virginia (44.73), Virgin Islands National Park - S. John, U.S. Virgin Islands (39.94), Mount Ranier National Park - Washington (37.72), Redwood National and State Parks - California (36.60), Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks - California (33.22), Channel Islands National Park - California (31.53), Glen Canyon National Recreational Area - Arizona and Utah (29.86), Yosemite National Park - California (28.01), Death Valley National Park - California and Nevada (26.57), Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway - Wisconsin (26.09), Colorado National Monument - Colorado (23.69), Lake Mead National Recreation Area - Arizona and Nevada (23.41), Cape Hatteras National Seashore - North Carolina (22.83), Grand Canyon National Park - Arizona (21.93), Buffalo National River - Arkansas (17.71), Shenandoah National Park - Virginia (16.83). Park rangers, local authorities and medical personnel work together to ensure the well-being of all park guests. The most dangerous National Park, statistically speaking, was North Cascades National Park in Washington State. Deaths are fairly evenly distributed among age groups, except children; thankfully, children 0-14 represented only a tiny fraction of deaths, just 35 out of more than 2700 in the period studied. Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. Many other hikers have gotten lost in that part of the Ozarks and not been as lucky as Van Alst. There were 133 deaths in the park from 2007 to 2018, the second-highest total among national parks after Lake Mead National Recreation Area on the Colorado River in Arizona and Nevada,. A 9-year-old girl became the victim of poor judgment when the irritated bison launched her into the air. We'll never know whether this was related to Martin's disappearance. Relative to the 25,000-50,000 climber-days that take place at the park each year, this is low. So, this trip was more than just fun there was money at stake. Alia Hoyt & Becky Striepe Peninsula Daily News. 330 published in 2018, the CDC reported that from 1999 through 2017, the average adjusted suicide rate increased 33%In 2016, suicide became the second leading cause of death for ages 10-34 and the fourth leading cause of death for ages 35-54.. In July 2019, a vehicle driving in Glacier National Park swerved to avoid a stopped car, then descended down a 40-foot steep hill. This is the lowest its been since 1990. His car was found nearby and kicked off a search that formally ended two weeks later [source: O'Brien]. "13 Mysterious Disappearances in National Parks" Here are some tips: When boating, avoiding consuming alcohol and always wear a flotation device. What can we take away from this? Be careful about alcohol consumption while operating any sort of water vessel. Still, its important to know what can and has gone wrong, so you can make your visit to a national park a safe one. A second point is that of the deaths in U.S. national parks that do occur, many need never have happened. Although the total number of deaths attributed to suicide that occurred in national parks during 2003--2009 is small, each death represents a preventable event in . The National Park System comprises 419 areas, 61 of which are designated national parks. The search for Martin became the largest in National Park Service history. Every year, more than 318 million people visit Americas 419 National Park System sites, including designated National Parks, National Lakeshores, National Monuments, National Historic Sites and National Seashores. In June 2019 in Yosemite, for example, a California teacher who often went rock-climbing died during a rappelling accident. Still, the number of incidents is far from nothing throughout the National Park System, six people die each week, amounting to about 312 deaths per year. In other parks, too, falls are an issue. Together, they cover more than 85 million acres and are visited by . Especially if you do travel alone, let people know where youre going and which part of the park youll be exploring. The family's cabin was a short, straight shot from where they were, but 8-year-old Legg never returned. Legg's disappearance sparked one of the southern Adirondacks' largest search and rescue missions, with more than 600 people searching the woods, but like Martin, Legg left no trail [source: Lehman]. Dont attempt anything you dont think you can handle. It was an annual Father's Day tradition all of the men in the Martin family headed to Smoky Mountain National Park to camp and hike. While nearly 3,000 deaths is a very high number, it is spread across 12 years and hundreds of sites in the U.S. National Park system. The cause of death was determined to be strangulation. (June 25, 2015) http://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2014/06/06/how_did_a_brampton_hiker_just_vanish_in_the_australian_bush.html, Garrison, Robert. have caused other needless deaths. (June 24, 2015) http://www.charleyproject.org/cases/t/thompkins_christopher.html, Coffey, Caitlin. One positive outcome of the case was that the lack of organization in the search for Paula Welden led to the creation of the Vermont State Police which is responsible for all wilderness search and rescue missions in the state. Proper shoes will go a long way to preventing falls. Every once in a while, a visitor will die while attempting to take a photograph. The car was only 50 yards (46 meters) away, and his mother watched him as he walked to the parking lot near their Big Bear Lake campsite in Northern California's San Bernardino National Forest. More people die in national parks than you may think. When Welden didn't come back by dark, her roommate let the school know, and the search began. Or were they abducted? Her attire implied that she planned to return before dark, when temperatures were supposed to dip below freezing. She was dressed for walking and not a long hike, wearing jeans, a coat and sneakers. Srawn was studying abroad in Australia in May 2013, when he decided to take a 1,700 mile- (2,700 kilometer-) road trip from the Gold Coast to Melbourne. The largest national park south of Alaska, Death Valley is known for extremes: It is North America's driest . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Srawn rented a van, drove to the park's Charlotte Pass in the Snowy Mountains, and no one has seen him since [source: French]. Consider that these are among the most visited parks in the nation. Today . But fatalities happen more often than people may think. "What happened to Jacob Gray?" In 2010, a man went out for a solo hike at Joshua Tree National Park in California and was never seen or heard from again. A 4th of July rafting experience turned to tragedy earlier this year when a commercial raft on a Class III rapid on the Green River at Dinosaur National Monument in Utah got stuck on a rock. The National Parks Service doesn't collect data on how many visitors disappear within the vast expanses of these parks. Golden Gate National Recreation Area, home to beaches where many have drowned.6. Time to lace up those hiking boots and take a walk into the wild. The Denver Channel. During three days of brutal combat, casualties rose to over 50,000 and the creeks were said to have literally run red with blood. Great Smoky Mountains National Park, where steep forests and foothills pose falling risks.9. But its all about the numbers; Lake Mead National Recreation Area had the most total deaths during the study period, 201, as well as the most drowning deaths, 89. Observing a creature youve never before seen in the wild can provide an extraordinary visceral thrill. As is mandated, keep dogs on a leash at all times to prevent them from jumping into the springs. Most hiking experts would say that these missing hikers made common mistakes like taking on more than they could handle or failing to time their turnback to beat the sunset [source: Stevenson]. Family, park rangers, and other hikers spread out to search for Dennis almost immediately, but he was nowhere to be found. By contrast, in pre-COVID 2019, U.S. deaths. Park visitors have been warned, Travel prepared to survive. (Photo by Mario Tama/Getty Images). "No Leads in Search for Boy Missing Since July." U.S. National Parks experienced 2,727 visitor deaths from 2007 to 2018. He told The Pittsburgh Press that when he found her, she walked stoically out of a cave and just said, "Here I am" [source: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]. Pack ample food, water and gear in a backpack. At Tributes.com we believe that Every Life has a Story that deserves to be told and preserved.. Tributes.com is the online source for current local and national obituary news and a supportive community where friends and family can come together during times of loss and grieving to honor the memories of their loved ones with lasting personal tributes. Location: California & NevadaEstablished: October 31, 1994Size: About 3.4 million acres. Bennington Banner. Occasionally, freak tragedies occur. The CDCs 2003-2009 Suicides in National Parks Report identified two parks Blue Ridge Parkway and Grand Canyon as having the most events. The Canberra Times. In a tragic example, in the case of the young man who died at Yellowstone, he and his sister reportedly left a boardwalk in an illegal attempt to soak, or "hot pot", in the park's thermal pools. The bottom line is, national parks highlight the very best natural beauty the country has to offer. The personal injury law firm said, We feel that it is important to say that, based on our data, visiting U.S National Parks is very safe overall.. National Park System sites collectively cover 85 million acres, and the terrain they contain is rugged and ever-changing. In fact, Half Dome one of the park's most iconic rock formations boasts a grand total of at least 20 deaths all by itself, and 13 of those deaths have occurred since 2005. On Tuesday, a 70-year-old woman fell to her death at the South Rim of Grand Canyon National Park, marking the fourth recent death in the park. Your effort and contribution in providing this feedback is much (Photo by: Greg Vaughn /VW PICS/Universal Images Group via Getty Images), Greenberg/Universal Images Group via Getty Images), What To Expect When You Rent A Car Now (Youll Be Surprised), Star Female Italian Winemaker Shares Her Love For Tuscany, Take It, Easys: A New Speakeasy And Lounge At The Aria In Las Vegas, The Italian Company Offering An Alternative Kind Of Travel, Emirates Airlines Gets Even More Indulgent With Its New Champagne Service, Rixos Introduces A Five Star, All-Inclusive Experience To Abu Dhabi, Eugene Levys Reluctant Traveler, The Beatles Liverpool, Passport Renewal Delays And More. Since 2012, preventable injuries have increased from the fifth leading cause of death in the U.S. to the third, behind heart disease and cancer. The importance of wearing life jackets should not be minimized. The oldest cold case mentioned on the Investigative Services NPS site describes the disappearance of Dennis Lloyd Martin during a Fathers Day vacation at Great Smoky Mountains National Park in 1969. Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. In the spring of 2019, an Israeli teen hiking Yosemite's Mist Trail got caught up in the moment when he asked hiking companions to take a photo while performing a dangerous feat that he underestimated. Likewise, weather conditions can sometimes change abruptly, with thunderstorms and flash floods resulting in life-threatening situations. Earhart was undertaking a daring around-the-world flight when she and her plane went missing. Updates are monthly and published on BITRE's website on or around the 14th of each month. Even in the summer months, snow and ice can pose dangers during hikes. The victims have been overwhelmingly male 13 compared to five females and 14 of them have been under the age of 25. As recommended by the NPS, keep a distance of at least 75 feet of space between yourself and bison, elk, bighorn sheep and moose. In 1980, he vanished while he was working at Arizona's Chiricahua National Monument. The National Park System comprises 419 areas, 61 of which are designated national parks. 95% of all intentional deaths while hiking are from suicides. A national park is a park or an area of land officially recognized and protected by a nation 's government. Four-year-old Alfred Beilhartz was the first recorded drowning in Colorado's Rocky Mountain National Park, though whether Beilhartz actually drowned is controversial [source: Vistaramic Journeys]. Kalifornien (englisch California? (July 2, 2015) http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/htnf/about-forest/offices/?cid=fsm9_026952, Swancer, Brent. 45 helicopter searches and other high-tech tools have yet to reveal any information about his whereabouts [source: Myers]. Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management. At 8 a.m. on a July day in 2004, David Gonzales asked his mother if he could have the car keys. Faster moving animals such as bears and wolves require at least 300 feet. In many instances, accidental falls result from poor judgment or the desire to get an amazing photo or selfie. In July, a 10-year-old boys body was recovered in White Oak Creek in the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area in Tennessee after 10 rescue agencies responded to the call of a possible drowning. [1] National parks are often made to protect the animals that live inside them or the land itself. Despite a private search that went on for over a year, Srawn's body has never been recovered. 2002. Another hiker reported seeing McLaughlin without a backpack, so it appeared that he had just gone out for a walk [source: Molloy]. The vast majority of hiking fall victims were over the age of 41. Randy Morgenson, disappeared July 21, 1996, body found July 2001, Window Peak drainage, Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks, California. Was she abducted, did she commit suicide or did she die of exposure because of her inappropriate attire? Lake Mead National Recreation Area, where most people die from drownings.2. "7 missing person cases in Colorado that continue to haunt investigators and family." A California passenger fell into the river, became unresponsive while being rescued and succumbed to his injuries. Tim Nolan, 36, had a wilderness permit to backpack from Happy Isles to Tuolumne Meadows from September 1-4, 2015 in California's scenic Yosemite National Park. Exercise the same caution you would anywhere else. Aug. 13, 2021 (Oct. 19, 2021) https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2021/08/the-strange-wilderness-vanishing-of-douglas-legg/, Vermonter. We were scrambling over rocks trying to find our way back to the trail and our car, and it was definitely creepy being two women lost and alone in the woods. And sometimes, a rash of freak accidents puts a particular park in the spotlight, such as the four deaths at Grand Canyon since March. Established in 2000 for the preservation, protection, and interpretation of traditional Native Hawai'ian culture and natural resources, Ala Kahakai offers visitors a trail network of cultural and historical significance to explore. 42.4% of the injuries are related to ankle joint. On Thursday, a 67-year-old visitor to the Grand Canyon National Park died after falling off the rim of the canyon, according to a National Park Service press release. [1] Conversely, Doug Knoop of The Seattle Times says, "Mysteries at the National Parks is a TV pick for Friday. When everyone returned to camp, they realized that Beilhartz was missing. Such was the case of Julianne Williams and Laura Winans, two women who were found murdered in 1996 at their Shenandoah National Park campsite. 1909 wurde das Gebiet des Canyons zum Mukuntuweap National Monument ernannt, seit 1919 besitzt es den Status eines Nationalparks.Der Park wurde 1937 um die Kolob Canyons erweitert. The question is whether park visitors are safe from themselves. The following is a list of deaths that should be noted in 2021. The national parks with the most fatal incidents were the Grand Canyon with 134 deaths, Yosemite with 126 deaths and the Great Smoky Mountains with 92 deaths. The area got this name because of a handful of mysterious disappearances which occurred between 1945 and 1950, although many more have been recorded over the years Paranormal author Joseph A. Citro coined the term because of the supposedly supernatural circumstances surrounding these vanishings [source: Vermonter]. The series has garnered mixed reviews. Several people spotted her as she hitchhiked her way to the trail and walked to the trailhead [source: Robinson]. Bennington Banner. The series stars archaeologist Chuck Bender, a traveler who gets in a lot more trouble than your typical national parks visitor. Interestingly, while no one to date has attempted to test this NPS legal loophole, it is technically possible to get away with murder at Yellowstones Zone of Death, a 50-square-mile stretch of uninhabited land in the small Idaho part of the park. In Yellowstone, of the 61 fatalities that occurred in the park from 1998 to 2006, 23 were due to either heart attacks . Death Valley is the biggest, the hottest, and the most foreboding. Their combined message is Designate a Water Watcher Supervision Could Save a Life. While the NPS is endorsing this message, they also advocate that visitors swim in a lifeguarded-protected area. Mountain Lion Foundation. 8. Overall, around 1,000 people searched for 16 days but never found him [source: Knapp and Adams]. To combat this issue, Operation Dry Water works with law enforcement agencies in 56 states and territories to help educate people about the dangers of boating under the influence of drugs and alcohol. Gettysburg National Military Park was the site of one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. Theyre there for a reason. "Coroner Holds Inquest into Disappearance of Canadian Hiker Prabhdeep Srawn in the Kosciuszko National Park." (June 23, 2015) http://www.wbir.com/story/news/local/2014/05/22/dennis-martin-missing-45-years/9405607/, Maxouris, Christina. His books examine more than 1,100 cases of people who mysteriously vanished in United States national parks [source: Hiltner]. Compare these numbers to the national average: According to 1Point21 Interactive, there were a total of 2,727 deaths at the U.S. National Parks during the 12 year periodwhich comes out to an average of around eight deaths per 10 million visits. . See the full Outforia report here. July 15, 2011. The search for Srawn began when the rental company discovered that the van wasn't returned. The temperature reached 130 degrees at Death Valley National Park on August 16, hitting what may be the hottest temperature recorded on Earth since at least 1913, according to the National Weather Service. His bike and gear were found on the side of a trail, but Gray was nowhere to be found. Around 400 deaths in America. "Family issue fresh appeal to find missing Irish man Cian McLaughlin." Between March and April 2019, for example, four people died at Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona, a weirdly high number for such a short period of time. Of the 62 national parks in the system at the time ( a 63 rd has just been added ), these 10 have the highest number of fatalities. Blue Ridge Parkway runs 469 miles from Shenandoah National Park in Virginia to Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Cherokee. Others have died while climbing (Glacier National Park), taking pictures (Grand Canyon) or snapping selfies (Yosemite.) Yosemite National Park, National Park Deaths Timothy Nolan, disappeared September 9, 2015, Body Found September 15, Yosemite National Park, California. It seems likely that a steep and winding road was a contributing factor, for example, in a July 2019 fatal accident near Clingmans Dome, the highest point in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. But be aware that many remote areas still do not have any cell phone service. To put that in perspective: in 2018, Grand Canyon National Park was the 8th most-visited park in the US, with 6,280,495 visitors. March 1, 2021 (Oct. 19, 2021) https://www.thesmokies.com/dennis-martin-feral-humans/, Hiltner, Nita. At Lake Mead, drownings was the leading cause of death. Only four parks saw more than 100 deaths during the study period, including Lake Mead National Recreation Area (201 deaths), Yosemite National Park (133 deaths), Grand Canyon National Park (131 deaths) Natchez Trace Parkway (131 deaths). Paula Welden was the second person to go missing in that area of Green Mountain National Forest during this period. Dennis and his brothers had planned a prank on the adults; they were going to hide separately in the bush and jump out on different sides of the campsite to scare them. I was surprised that there were only eight people killed by animals, says Beltz. After being designated a monument in 1908, it didn't become a National Park until 2013. "Secret Vanishings in America's National Parks." Yellowstone National Park, where burns and thermal injuries from hot springs are the main issue.5. Lack of preparation, like long hikes in extreme heat without sufficient water or sun protection, can also take its toll. Reckless behavior has led to many unnecessary deaths. Some accounts describe dogs following Legg's scent over a 30-mile (48 kilometers) trail through difficult terrain [source: Swancer]. But individuals who participate in water-based sports needs to recognize that natural bodies of water can be subject to changing weather patterns and include unpredictable features. Top 25 National Parks Where Youre Most Likely to Die, Leave America: How To Get A Second Passport (For Free) And Live Abroad, The 20 Best Places To Travel In 2021: Where To Go Next. Climbing takes considerable experience and skill, especially when scaling challenging peaks. In 23 percent of the search and rescues in national parks in 2012, fatigue/physical condition was listed . We started from the hotel at Mammoth mountain, then back to Yosemite to hike dog lake, Lambert Dome and Soda springs. That works out to about 312 deaths a year, or a little less than one death per million visitors. Luckily, he turned out to be just a helpful hiker, and he showed us a quick route back to the trailhead. Travel Channel series may set a new low in junk television". Florida, Everglades, Big Cypress National Preserve, Do Not Feed Alligator sign. Indeed, medical problems rival car accidents as a cause of death in the parks. The good news about this tragic trend is that statistically, you are highly unlikely to meet your death in a national park, particularly if you use common sense. In late 2020, Panish Shea & Boyle LLP, a Los Angeles personal injury law firm, did an analysis of deaths in National Parks, based on National Parks Service (NPS) data. Swimming in a natural environment such as a river, stream, lake or ocean is very different from being in a controlled situation like an indoor or outdoor swimming pool. You may opt-out by. Yosemite,. In late March and early April, three visitors died in the park within the span of eight days, and two of those deaths were due to falls. But Pinnacles had to wait a long time for its limelight. Recent resolutions mandate a multi-year process which will hopefully lead to design changes in 2023. CNN. But unfortunately, part of living - is dying, and that takes some thought too. So what can people do to protect themselves? While most park visits are danger-free, according to a dashboard from the National Park Service that analyzed deaths in parks from 2014 to 2016, there were about 6 deaths per week in the national . (Photo by Robert Alexander/Getty Images). Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Amelia Earhart's Lockheed Electra disappearance somewhere over the Pacific Ocean on June 2, 1937 is very famous. The mountainous park is known for snow slides and avalanches. This hotdogging stunt resulted in the young man falling close to 600 feet to his death. Even for short walks, its advisable to carry light snacks and sufficient water for continual nourishment and hydration. The Seattle Times. In 2017, a North Carolina man suffered severe burns after falling into a hot spring. Though more than 20 people have been killed in the past by some of Yellowstone's 10,000 geothermal pools, geysers, mudpots, steam vents and hot springs, you should keep in mind how many visitors the park gets. Traffic along the Going-to-the-Sun Road was delayed for hours. How could a young child have traveled alone for such a distance? As we rounded a bend, a man who said he lived on the mountain approached us. Between 2006 and 2016, at least 22 people died in the parks thermal springs. This popular scenic road is often ranked as one of the top NPS destinations. He was camping in the park with his family over the July 4 weekend when he disappeared near the Roaring and Fall Rivers. Van Alst apparently was playing with her brothers when she wandered off and got lost, and couldn't find her way back. Out of a total of about 1,200 deaths since the park's establishment in 1890, 53 have involved incidents with waterfalls, Ghiglieri says. "40 Years Later, Case of Missing Boy an Adirondacks Mystery." USA Today. He hasn't been found despite the efforts of online groups working doggedly to crack the case. At this point, you may be thinking that accidents mostly happen because of human folly. Come prepared for the possibility of extremely cold temperatures, which can make climbing more difficult and dangerous. Visitors, he said, can reduce their risk of injury if they: Of course, for many park visitors, photographing natures splendor and their presence in it is a part of the experience. CNN Sans & 2016 Cable News Network. "After 60 Years, Student's Fate Remains a Legendary Mystery." With close to 10,000 hot springs, it is unreasonable to expect guardrails around all the steaming-hot perimeters. 14, 2021 (Oct. 19, 2021) https://www.irishcentral.com/news/cian-mclaughlin-missing-appeal, The Pittsburgh Press. When Jeffrey disappeared, he was wearing light clothing, and authorities were doubtful that he could survive the cold temperatures at night.

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