An important perspective from a physicist, policymaker, and advocate for science, Holt provides new insights to Vannevar Bushs text. Separation of the sciences in tight compartments, as would occur if more than one agency were involved, would retard and not advance scientific knowledge as a whole. The public interest will normally be adequately protected if the Government receives a royalty-free license for governmental purposes under any patents resulting from work financed by the Foundation. Since research is unlike the procurement of standardized items, which are susceptible to competitive bidding on fixed specifications, the legislation creating the National Research Foundation should free the Foundation from the obligation to place its contracts for research through advertising for bids. Security Restrictions Should Be Lifted Promptly. We have been living on our fat. "Speaker Nancy Pelosi, "Vannevar Bushs prescient report launched the modern scientific enterprise, spurred by generous government investment. Review: Science, the Endless Frontier, by Vannevar Bush | The American Biology Teacher | University of California Press Volume 25, Issue 3 March 1963 Previous Article Next Article Book Review | March 01 1963 Review: Science, the Endless Frontier, by Vannevar Bush Science, the Endless Frontier Vannevar Bush Clearly the program should grow in a healthy manner from modest beginnings. Reflecting on the reports legacy and relevance along with its limitations, Holt contends that the publics ability to cope with todays issuessuch as public health, the changing climate and environment, and challenging technologies in modern societyrequires a more capacious understanding of what science can contribute. The striking advances in medicine during the war have been possible only because we had a large backlog of scientific data accumulated through basic research in many scientific fields in the years before the war. It is my judgment that the national interest in scientific research and scientific education can best be promoted by the creation of a National Research Foundation. Division of Scientific Personnel and Education. of disruptive papers and patents suggests that science and technology do not appear to have reached the end of the 'endless frontier; Government Relations to Science -- Past and Future. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to science's very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government.This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. We have been directing the energies of our scientists to the development of weapons and materials and methods, on a large number of relatively narrow projects initiated and controlled by the Office of Scientific Research and Development and other Government agencies. Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, working on subjects of their own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown. There should be no obligation on the research institution to patent discoveries made as a result of support from the Foundation. A PDF ebook must be read in our mobile app available for Android/iOS phones or tablets. In this manuscript, we study . We must remove the rigid controls which we have had to impose, and recover freedom of inquiry and that healthy competitive scientific spirit so necessary for expansion of the frontiers of scientific knowledge. Recommendations regarding the allocation of research programs among research organizations. Methods should therefore be found which will permit the agency to make commitments of funds from current appropriations for programs of five years duration or longer. Citation Type. Save Cancel CONTENTS Preface 1: Introduction 2: Pathways to Leadership Then and Now 3: Responding to an Evolving Research Enterprise 4: Science and the Public 5: Science and Philanthropy Basic research is a long-term process -- it ceases to be basic if immediate results are expected on short-term support. The Government can accomplish significant results in several ways: by aiding in the arrangement of international science congresses, in the official accrediting of American scientists to such gatherings, in the official reception of foreign scientists of standing in this country, in making possible a rapid flow of technical information, including translation service, and possibly in the provision of international fellowships. I cannot improve on President Conant's statement that: "* * * in every section of the entire area where the word science may properly be applied, the limiting factor is a human one. "Robert Cook-Deegan, Arizona State University, "With this visionary report, Science: The Endless Frontier, Vannevar Bush transformed US research policy and set our nation on a path of economic expansion and world scientific leadership. This general knowledge provides the means of answering a large number of important practical problems, though it may not give a complete specific answer to any one of them. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in making the case that scientific progress is necessary to a nations health, security, and prosperity. The Members should elect their own chairman annually. Advances in science will also bring higher standards of living, will lead to the prevention or cure of diseases, will promote conservation of our limited national resources, and will assure means of defense against aggression. - The function of this Division should be to support medical research. Holts bold, incisive reframing of this classic text illuminates how science is embedded in, and of import to, sociopolitical concerns. We should get this scientific material to scientists everywhere with great promptness, and at as low a price as is consistent with suitable format. It should, moreover, have sufficient recognition to secure prompt and practical decisions. print. A desktop computer app that allows PDF reading is currently under development. Holts first-rate introduction to this new edition captures the key elements of the report, outlines its significance and fate, and considers its implications for our time. The traditional sources of support for medical research, largely endowment income, foundation grants, and private donations, are diminishing, and there is no immediate prospect of a change in this trend. Science and the great practical genius of this nation made this achievement possible. E-Book Overview. "Daniel J. Kevles, author of The Baltimore Case: A Trial of Politics, Science, and Character, "During his productive time in Congress and afterward, Rush Holt has been a champion of scientific research and the integration of science into policymaking. Citations (33) References Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content . Businessmen would thus be able to make more use of research than they now do. . (5) While assuring complete independence and freedom for the nature, scope, and methodology of research carried on in the institutions receiving public funds, and while retaining discretion in the allocation of funds among such institutions, the Foundation proposed herein must be responsible to the President and the Congress. organize and share citations. There must be plenty of men and women trained in science and technology for upon them depend both the creation of new knowledge and its application to practical purposes. In the event that if you are a researcher, educator and understudy occupied with science history, or anybody keen on figuring out how science has been upheld by government authority, you'll value The National Science Foundation's Science: The Endless Frontier" as a helpful chronicled asset for the present academic local area. Together, Bush and Holt give us a roadmap for US science today. In making such appointments the Members should request and consider recommendations from the National Academy of Sciences which should be asked to establish a new National Research Foundation nominating committee in order to bring together the recommendations of scientists in all organizations. To establish and maintain such offices within the United States, its territories and possessions, as they may deem necessary. We all know how much the new drug, penicillin, has meant to our grievously wounded men on the grim battlefronts of this war -- the countless lives it has saved -- the incalculable suffering which its use has prevented. The 1945 document, officially attributed to engineer Vannevar (rhymes with Beaver) Bush, urged President Harry Truman to convert the momentum of the World War II-era Office of Scientific Research and . This fact underlines the necessity of salvaging potential scientists in uniform. They must offer research opportunities and sufficient compensation to enable them to compete with industry and government for the cream of scientific talent. Use code FLASH at checkout. The event was held in partnership with The Kavli Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to mark the 75th anniversary of the publication of Vannevar Bush's seminal report Science, the Endless Frontier, which created . Appropriations should be earmarked for the purposes of specific Divisions, but the Foundation should be left discretion with respect to the expenditure of each Division's funds. The committee advising me on scientific personnel has stated the following principle which should guide our planning: "If we were all-knowing and all-wise we might, but we think probably not, write you a plan whereby there might be selected for training, which they otherwise would not get, those who, 20 years hence, would be scientific leaders, and we might not bother about any lesser manifestations of scientific ability. This is highly desirable in order that there may be no interruption in the relations between scientists and military men after the emergency wartime Office of Scientific Research and Development goes out of existence. The extent and nature of these new responsibilities are set forth in detail in the reports of the committees whose recommendations in this regard are fully endorsed. To insure continued preparedness along farsighted technical lines, the research scientists of the country must be called upon to continue in peacetime some substantial portion of those types of contribution to national security which they have made so effectively during the stress of the present war * * *. But to achieve these objectives -- to secure a high level of employment, to maintain a position of world leadership -- the flow of new scientific knowledge must be both continuous and substantial. United States. The history of medical science teaches clearly the supreme importance of affording the prepared mind complete freedom for the exercise of initiative. Such ravaging diseases as yellow fever, dysentery, typhus, tetanus, pneumonia, and meningitis have been all but conquered by penicillin and the sulfa drugs, the insecticide DDT, better vaccines, and improved hygenic measures. To create such advisory and cooperating agencies and councils, state, regional, or national, as in their judgment will aid in effectuating the purposes of the legislation, and to pay the expenses thereof. CHAPTER 4. For reasons presented in this report we are entering a period when science needs and deserves increased support from public funds. The search for better anti-malarials, which proceeded at a moderate tempo for many years, has been accelerated enormously by Government support during the war. He layers historical context with a deeper examination of publicly funded science, and he challenges the scientific community to be more inclusive. Recommendation of arrangements with State and local authorities in regard to cooperation in a program of science scholarships and fellowships. research is the exploration of the unknown and is necessarily speculative. "By proceeding from point to point and taking stock on the way, by giving further opportunity to those who show themselves worthy of further opportunity, by giving the most opportunity to those who show themselves continually developing -- this is the way we propose. In the past we have devoted much of our best efforts to the application of such knowledge which has been discovered abroad. First, the sound democratic principle that there should be no favored classes or special privilege in a time of peril, that all should be ready to sacrifice equally; second, the tenet that every man should serve in the capacity in which his talents and experience can best be applied for the prosecution of the war effort. At the same time, the teaching hospitals are especially well qualified to carry on medical research because of their close connection with the medical schools, on which they depend for staff and supervision. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in . V. Patent Policy. Science, the endless frontier; : a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research,, by Vannevar Bush, director. Biddle Law Library The . There are certain basic principles which must underlie the program of Government support for scientific research and education if such support is to be effective and if it is to avoid impairing the very things we seek to foster. Many of the lessons learned in the war-time application of science under Government can be profitably applied in peace. Office of Scientific Research and Development; Bush, Vannevar, 1890-1974 Publication date 1960 Topics Science and state -- United States, Research -- United States Publisher Washington, National Science Foundation Collection In some cases coordinated direct attack on special problems may be made by teams of investigators, supplementing similar attacks carried on by the Army, Navy, Public Health Service, and other organizations. doi: 10.17226/25990. . To support international cooperation in science by providing financial aid for international meetings, associations of scientific societies, and scientific research programs organized on an international basis. The release of information from security regulations is but one phase of the problem. The chairman of each Division should be appointed by the Members of the Foundation. By. Today, it is truer than ever that basic research is the pacemaker of technological progress. The recommendations in this report which relate to research within the Government, to the release of scientific information, to clarification of the tax laws, and to the recovery and development of our scientific talent now in uniform can be implemented by action within the existing structure of the Government. There are some notable exceptions, it is true, but even in such cases it is rarely possible to match the universities in respect to the freedom which is so important to scientific discovery. Apart from teaching, however, the primary obligation of the medical schools and universities is to continue the traditional function of such institutions, namely, to provide the individual worker with an opportunity for free, untrammeled study of nature, in the directions and by the methods suggested by his interests, curiosity, and imagination. SCIENCE, THE ENDLESS FRONTIER AT 75. The procedures currently followed within the Government for recruiting, classifying and compensating such personnel place the Government under a severe handicap in competing with industry and the universities for first-class scientific talent. Such expansion should be directed to fields of inquiry and service which are of public importance and are not adequately carried on by private organizations. There are no standing committees of the Congress devoted to this important subject. To devise and promote the use of methods of improving the transition between research and its practical application in industry. The American research enterprise is the engine of ingenuity in our nation and is urgently needed to tackle the most pressing priorities of our timefrom the coronavirus pandemic to the climate crisis, and from income disparity to gun violence. It is recommended that measures which will encourage and facilitate the preparation and publication of reports be adopted forthwith by all agencies, governmental and private, possessing scientific information released from security control. The establishment of the new agency, including a civilian military research group, should not be delayed by the existence of the Research Board for National Security, which is a temporary measure. Expenditures for research in the colleges, universities, and research institutes will otherwise not be able to meet the additional demands of increased public need for research. It is chiefly in these institutions that scientists may work in an atmosphere which is relatively free from the adverse pressure of convention, prejudice, or commercial necessity. Division of Medical Research. Copy link Link copied. V-2 was countered only by the capture of the launching sites. To initiate and finance in appropriate organizations research projects for which existing facilities are unavailable or inadequate. They are founded on new principles and new conceptions, which in turn are painstakingly developed by research in the purest realms of science. View at Internet Archive. Science has been in the wings. Special Authority. The responsibility for the creation of new scientific knowledge rests on that small body of men and women who understand the fundamental laws of nature and are skilled in the techniques of scientific research. One lesson is clear from the reports of the several committees attached as appendices. In order, however, to secure the part-time services of the most competent men as Members of the Foundation and the Divisions, these stringent prohibitions should be relaxed to the extent indicated. The new eyes which radar supplied to our fighting forces quickly evoked the development of scientific countermeasures which could often blind them. These reasons apply with particular force to science: the road is long and expensive; it extends at least 6 years beyond high school; the percentage of science students who can obtain first-rate training in institutions near home is small. None of these conditions is favorable to basic research. Physicist and public servant Rush Holt reintroduces this influential blueprint, reflecting on the constructive developments it inspired, as well as the troubling consequences that stem from a research culture unaccountable to the polity. These private sources should continue to carry their share of the financial burden. It is clear that if we are to maintain the progress in medicine which has marked the last 25 years, the Government should extend financial support to basic medical research in the medical schools and in the universities, through grants both for research and for fellowships. - This Division should be charged with encouraging the publication of scientific knowledge and promoting international exchange of scientific information. Approximately 7 million persons in the United States are mentally ill; more than one-third of the hospital beds are occupied by such persons, at a cost of $175 million a year. "Kei Koizumi, American Association for the Advancement of Science, "With Science, the Endless Frontier, Vannevar Bush envisioned the cloistered infrastructure for US science research that has prevailed for nearly eighty years. Beijing 100016, P.R. Science, by itself, provides no panacea for individual, social, and economic ills. Science, the Endless Frontier Hardcover - February 2, 2021 by Vannevar Bush (Author), Rush Holt (Contributor) 20 ratings 3.9 on Goodreads 51 ratings Kindle $9.99 Read with Our Free App Hardcover $12.95 8 Used from $6.78 26 New from $7.98 Paperback $25.00 4 Used from $15.96 10 New from $25.00 The Government would be well advised to invest the money involved in this plan even if the benefits to the nation were thought of solely -- which they are not -- in terms of national preparedness. I. Offer good on select hardcover titles only. The Members should serve without compensation but should be entitled to their expenses incurred in the performance of their duties. Government scientific agencies have splendid records of achievement, but they are limited in function. The simplest and most effective way in which the Government can strengthen industrial research is to support basic research and to develop scientific talent. (2010). 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