[60], Works by the Syriac writer Ephraim were translated into Greek. [31][32] By the middle of the 8th century, however, the Merovingians had been reduced to figureheads, and the Carolingians, led by Charles Martel, had become the de facto rulers. The German Empire would be a better term in fact, as it was founded and typically ruled by Germanic peoples. There were many imperial interregna in the history of the Holy Roman Empire, when there was no emperor. [28] After its dissolution through the end of the German Empire, it was often called "the old Empire" (das alte Reich).

[104] He was most likely in the military stationed along Hadrian's Wall.

Henry was killed in 1247 and succeeded as anti-king by William of Holland (died 1256). A map of the Holy Roman territories cerca 1600 hints well at what languages were commonly spoken by the populace in various regions.

[21] The form "Holy Roman Empire" is attested from 1254 onward. The Peace of Westphalia abrogated that principle by stipulating that the official religion of a territory was to be what it had been on 1 January 1624, considered to have been a "normal year".

Maria Theresa was the most important ruler of... Karl I (Essai sur l'histoire générale et sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations, Chapter 70). After Richard's death in 1273, Rudolf I of Germany, a minor pro-Staufen count, was elected. 11.Possibly Croatian

Latin and Greek were the official languages of the Roman Empire, but other languages were important regionally. 65 ecclesiastical states with 14 percent of the total land area and 12 percent of the population; 45 dynastic principalities with 80 percent of the land and 80 percent of the population; 60 dynastic counties and lordships with 3 percent of the land and 3.5 percent of the population; 60 imperial towns with 1 percent of the land and 3.5 percent of the population; Imperial knights' territories, numbering into the several hundreds, with 2 percent of the land and 1 percent of the population. Still, Otto II formed marital ties with the east when he married the Byzantine princess Theophanu. When the Salian dynasty ended with Henry V's death in 1125, the princes chose not to elect the next of kin, but rather Lothair, the moderately powerful but already old Duke of Saxony. The Latin portion is larger and longer, and provides most of the information.

[42] Both languages were in active use by government officials and the Church during the 5th century. Envisioned as a resurrection of the ancient Roman Empire, in reality the empire was however far removed from the medieval ideal of a universal realm founded on Latin Christendom.

This process began in the 11th century with the Investiture Controversy and was more or less concluded with the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. Korhonen, "Sicily in the Roman Imperial Period," p. 366. The Swiss Confederation, which had already established quasi-independence in 1499, as well as the Northern Netherlands, left the Empire. Bohemia had a similar story as far as I know. In addition to Syriac homilies and treatises, Bardesanes wrote 150 hymns "of enormous influence and doubtful doctrine". Rochette, "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire," p. 550; Stefan Zimmer, "Indo-European," in. Kings and emperors toured between the numerous Kaiserpfalzes (Imperial palaces), usually resided for several weeks or months and furnished local legal matters, law and administration. You can also find further information in our data protection declaration. He was the first of the Habsburgs to hold a royal title, but he was never crowned emperor.

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