Autonomous status was returned to the Finns in March 1917, and the revolt in Russia handed the Finnish Parliament true political power for the first time. Real political power shifted instead to street level in the form of mass meetings, protests, strike organizations, and the street councils formed by workers and soldiers after the revolution, all of which served to undermine the authority of the state. More than 1 percent of the nation's total population perished. [85], After the defeat in Tampere and under the threat of invasion by the German division on the south coast, the People's Delegation retreated from Helsinki to Viipuri on 8 April. The Reds held the military lead until mid-March and secured control of the southern towns and countryside. ) from 1950, presented life and experiences of a worker family in Tampere in 1918, including a point of view of outsiders in the Civil War. ISBN. In total, between 11,000 and 13,500 Finns perished.

Enckell, Carl (1956). , Swedish language: vita In order to win power and carry out political reforms, the socialists had to overcome the Finnish Parliament. ) and Oiva Paloheimo in 1942 with "Restless childhood" (Finnish language: Levoton lapsuus The social conditions, the standard of living, and the self-confidence of the workers gradually improved between 1870–1914, and at the same time the political concepts of socialism, nationalism and liberalism took root. Söderström. The battle ended 6 April 1918 with the surrender of Red forces in the Pyynikki and Pispala sections of Tampere. It comprised six representatives from the Social Democrats and six from non-socialist parties. These guards had been established to fill the power vacuum left by the disbandment of the gendarmerie in March 1917. [45], During the civil war, the White Army and the Red Guards both perpetrated acts of terror.

2007, 9–10. Enckell 1956; Upton 1980, 163–194; Alapuro 1988, 158–162, 195–196; Keränen. The four main parties were the two old Fennoman parties, the conservative Finnish Party and the Young Finnish Party including both liberals and conservatives; the social reformist, centrist Agrarian League, which drew its support mainly from peasants with small or middle-sized farms; and the conservative Swedish People's Party, which sought to retain the rights of the Swedish-speaking minority.
[1], The Grand Duchy of Finland, ruled as a nominally autonomous part of the Russian Empire, was gradually developing into a Finnish state, including a rise of the Fennoman movement standing for the Finnic majority of the population. ) in 1918.
The autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in the northwestern Russian Empire stayed out of the First World War. At 5 a.m. on the foggy morning of 12 April 2,000-3,000 German soldiers from the Brigade von Tshirsky attacked the city from the north-west, supported via the Helsinki-Turku railway.

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