The rules of civility; or Certain ways of deportment observed in France, amongst all persons of quality upon several occasions.

MS Eng 1365 (148), Montagu family papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

The happy event in the horizon concerns his wife’s pregnancy. Layout features in letter-writing manuals, Anni Sairio and Minna Nevala You may also accustom yourself to the shape of the letters and to writing at a 54º angle by tracing over the letters on tracing paper. This tightly filled letter with its crossed-out words and slightly blotted ink seems to mark intimate, confidential communication; we do not know whether Elizabeth’s letters share these layout features, but she is considerably (and expectedly) more formal than the Duchess of Portland in her use of address terms (Sairio forthc.).

This follows Fulwood’s (1568: 8) rhetorical classification into cause (“not always necessary”), intent (“necessary”) and consequence (“necessary”).

You may need to examine the paper carefully under good light to distinguish the two sides. The material thus represents a variety of relationships.

1999. Finlay, Michael. Athens & London: University of Georgia Press. 1640. From the Middle Ages to the Late Modern period a wealth of socially conditioned features had to be considered in the process of epistolary communication. Courtin also writes about how the amount of space between the greeting and the body of the letter for one, and the space between the body and the subscription for another, may signal the relationship between the writer and the recipient of the letter. A close relationship between letter-writers clearly overrules certain norms of correspondence in the eighteenth century, which would be a new development from the previous centuries. In the 15th century, both official and private correspondence followed the Chancery model, which originated, as its name suggests, from the King’s Chancery letters (Richardson 1984: 213–214). The model was derived from the French and Latin, as well as Old English, traditions. Bazerman, Charles. Sairio, Anni.

“Significant space in manuscript letters”. “Letters and the social grounding of differentiated genres”. Essayes & Explorations: A ‘Freundschrift’ for Liisa Dahl (Anglicana Turkuensia 15), ed. London: R. Ware. Our analysis focuses on the last page (Example 3). From Courtesy to Civility: Changing Codes of Conduct in Early Modern England. The two alphabets shown in Figures 1 and 2 are from the Universal Penman and represent two typical 18th century styles. London: University Press of Liverpool. 1990. Bryson, Anna. The main parts in a letter are salutation and subscription, and the writer is left with plenty of freedom to formulate the middle part of the letter as the occasion requires. by Nicole Pohl & Betty A. Schellenberg. Age, gender, rank, and kinship continued to influence “the degree of artifice, flattery, and deference” in the eighteenth century, but letter-writing practices were becoming more informal (Whyman 2009: 21-22). An empty line separates the initial formulaic elements and the body of the letter, and the first paragraph is indented by a third of the width of the page. 3. 18 th Century Reading and Writing. Stallybrass’s analysis of manuscript letters from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century shows that the message was most frequently written on one or two pages out of four, which left the majority of a pre-folded letter blank. Although, for example, Fulwood (1568: 1) had relied on Lucan’s definition of epistles as “nothing else but an Oration written”, two hundred years later The Art of Letter-Writing (1762: 3; henceforth ALW) reminded the reader that one should avoid “these pretended Ornaments, which were formerly so studiously sought after”. 2000. (ALW). 1, ed. As Morton’s family members seemed to disregard the important practical advice on how to direct his letters, would they have adhered to instructions given in letter-writing manuals?

MS 1365 Eng (291), Montagu family papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

In Praise of Scribes. Write on the smoother side to help prevent the pen tip from snagging the paper fibers and splattering ink. Vesey’s handwriting is a right-leaning crawl, and ink blots her letter. How do the layouts in eighteenth-century letters correlate with formal instructions? Similarly, ALW (1762: 17) gives advice on the paper quality by mentioning that a letter to “a Person of Distinction” should be written on a gilt paper and enclosed in a sealed cover.

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